This is our first post in a series discussing the criminal justice reforms enacted in House Bill 1176 and SB 236 and how those reforms will affect DUI prosecution and defense in Georgia. First, HB 1176, which deals with criminal record, expungement, and court fines and costs.
Before HB 1176, which will take effect July 1, 2013, overhauled the
expungement process, going so far as to remove the word from the law
itself, a DUI arrest, regardless of plea or reduced sentencing, would
produce an vitrtually permanent arrest record. The arrest could be
made available to insurance companies, creditors, and most
importantly, employers seeking a background check for their clients
or employees. For many people, the stigma of a DUI arrest on their
record was an stiff obstacle to getting hired or receiving reasonable rates on
services like insurance or loans. And the process of expungement,
having any and all records of requested arrests and/or convictions
removed from a criminal history, was notoriously hard. After a case
closed, an individual could petition that his/her prosecuting
attorney approve a request for expungement. If the prosecutor denied
the request, the defendant could appeal to the Superior Court of the
county where he/she was tried, but if the court denied the appeal
there was no further chance for expungement. Though many of the same obstacles are still in place, the Georgia Legislature adjusted the process by specifying and tweaking the various situations in which an individual's records are eligible for expungement.
According to the Prosecuting Attorney's Council of Georgia summary of 2012 Georgia legislation, HB
1176 “puts in place a totally new procedure which will require that
most criminal history records be automatically restricted so they
cannot be accessed by the public (especially employers) unless the
arrest resulted in a conviction.” Whether a criminal
history is held by a clerk of court or an arresting law enforcement agency, an individual may be eligible to
have his/her record restricted, so that the information is only available
to criminal justice agencies. Basically, for certain drug offenses, if an individual pleads or is found guilty and completes his/her
probation without error, his/her record will be restricted. Also, if
an individual is found not-guilty of all charges by a trial court,
his/her record will be restricted. Unfortunately, in between these
two outcomes lie a multitude of limitations.
Here are the main limitations for the immediate eligibility of record restrictions:
- If an individual is convicted of DUI, reckless driving, or any other serious traffic defense as defined by Article 15 of Chapter 6 of Georgia Title 40;
- If an individual is convicted of any crime listed in HB 1176 starting on line 1464 (link above);
- If a plea agreement is reached which resulted in the conviction of an individual for an offense arising out an underlying transaction or occurrence which was dismissed - i.e. a reduced plea of reckless driving resulting from a DUI arrest;
- If in the course of the legal proceedings, the prosecutor was barred from introducing evidence through a motion to suppress or motion in limine; or
- If charges were tried and some but not all of the charges resulted in an acquittal.
But despite these limitations, individuals may file a request with the arresting law enforcement agency that their records be restricted. The right to file a request is also given to individuals arrested before July 1, 2013. Within 30 days of receiving the request, the arresting law enforcement agency is required to provide a copy of the prosecuting attorney. Within 90 days the prosecuting attorney is required to inform the arresting agency as to his or her decision. If a prosecuting attorney denies an individual's request to restrict their records, an individual may file a civil action in the Superior Court of the county in which he or she was arrested. If it is determined by clear and convincing evidence that the harm otherwise resulting to the privacy of the individual clearly outweighs the public interest in the criminal history being publicly available, the decision of the prosecuting attorney to deny an individual's request to restrict his or her records will not be upheld.
These
opportunities, and corresponding limitations, for restricting
criminal history could drastically change the way in which clients
and defense attorneys choose to structure their defense.
Prior to HB 1176, when charged
with a DUI, pleading to reckless driving would arguably be considered
a victory. Motions could be used to goad the prosecution into a plea
deal or get the charges dropped outright. Since there was very little
chance of expunging an arrest record, the reduced sentencing and
attorney's fees that came with pleading to a lesser charge or
pursuing a motion hearing were appealing for defendants. Now, with
the prospect of restricted access criminal histories and the
limitations inherent to eligibility for this restriction, defendants
must balance the pros and cons of pursuing a lesser charge, filing a
motion hearing, pleading guilty, and subsequently, in certain cases filing civil action to restrict records.
A plausible outcome to these reforms is that more individuals charged
with misdemeanors like petty drug offenses and DUI will plead guilty
or push for trial. The reforms go into effect July 1, 2013. Though they rightfully aim to
reassess the overbearing stigma of public arrest records in regards
to employment and status, as is evidenced by their limitations, they were not enacted without serious
calculation.
As expressed in two recent U.S Supreme Court cases, Missouri v. Frye and Lafler v. Cooper, our court system has largely become one of plea-bargaining rather than trials. In 2006 94 percent of convictions in State courts resulted from pleas. So while the expungement overhaul is welcome in comparison to the stonewalling defendants dealt with prior, cordoning off opportunities for arrest record restrictions with a cost-benefit analysis that undermines plea-bargaining is hardly comprehensive. Clearly, Georgia lawmakers are not lost on sustaining the tradition of gamesmanship in the Justice System.
HB 1176 also stipulates that there will be a 50% increase in fines for DUI. This means that the range of fines for a first DUI in 5 years is $450-$1500; $900-$1500 for a second in 5; and $1500-$7500 for a 3rd in 5.
